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COURSE NOTES: Personality

Chapter 3:
Jung

Based on the following textbook, with supplements and modifications by the author:
Cloninger, S. (2004). Theories of Personality: Understanding Persons (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NY: Prentice Hall.
Instructors who have adopted this text may obtain supplementary Powerpoint presentations from the publisher.

denotes a term that you should know how to define, and to recognize and give examples.

denotes an important person. You should remember this person's name and what (s)he has done.

denotes an important research finding.

denotes an issue that you should be able to discuss or explain.

Chapter 3:

Jung: Analytical Psychology

The Structure of Personality

Self: the total, integrated personality

the personality, including both conscious self-perception as a helpful friend, and unacknowledged selfish needs
• the personality, including both masculine self-concept and undeveloped feminine aspects

compensation: principle of the relationship between the unconscious and consciousness, by which the unconscious provides what is missing from consciousness to make a complete whole

dreaming about aggression, to compensate for lack of conscious awareness of aggressive impulses
developing a psychosomatic illness that makes you tired, to compensate for neglecting your need for rest

iindividuation: the process of becoming a fully developed person, with all psychic functions developed

midlife changes in which a logical man also develops other aspects, such as sensitivity
change that occurs when, after time out raising children or working, a woman goes back to school and explores neglected interests

EGO

gatekeeper to consciousness
center of will
ego inflation

PERSONA

adapts to the world
mask; social roles

SHADOW

negative shadow (usual type)
positive shadow (rare)
projection of the shadow

ANIMA & ANIMUS

biologically based
man’s inner feminine (anima)
woman’s inner masculine (animus)
projection of anima / animus
Sometimes famous women serve as images of the anima. [IMAGE]
Culture also provides other images, such as a princess or a witch, to portray various aspects of the anima. [IMAGE]

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS

shadow
anima/animus

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

archetypes
universal
inherited; genetic basis ("racial unconscious")
shadow and anima/animus as archetypes
other archetypes

The Great Mother
The Spiritual Father
The Hero
The Trickster
Mandala
Transformation
Psychosis: Dangers of the Collective Unconscious

Symbolism and the Collective Unconscious

Myths and Religion

Modern Myths

diffusion hypothesis, or collective (inherited)

numinous

Here are some images [images presented on Powerpoint in class] similar to those in the Archetypal Symbol Inventory:

power
androgyny
soul
health
purify
unity
completion
perfection
beauty
earth
masculine
feminine
protection
wrath
sleep

According to David Rosen, archetypal symbols are stable across time and place, and they have 2 components:

emotion (affect)
meaning (cognition)

Experimental evidence using the Archetypal Symbol Inventory:

Ss learn word-symbol pairs better when the matchings are "correct" symbolically (54% vs. 46%).
Ss can't guess meanings without being told, either in free response, or in matching, or even with partial-word cues.
Therefore, the associations are unconscious.
Rosen suggests that these results provide evidence for the collective unconscious.

Rosen's proposed mechanism for evolutionary memory:

FIRST PHASE (priming)
- Archetypal Symbol Image (right hemisphere) + Correct Meaning Word (left hemisphere) leads to Affective Response
SECOND PHASE (recall)
- Archetypal Symbol leads to Affective Response Linked to Image (right hemisphere)
- connection over corpus callosum
- Cognitive Response Word Retrieval (left hemisphere)

A modern myth: Star Wars

Therapy

Dreams
Other Symbolic Therapy Techniques

complexes: emotionally charged networks of ideas (such as those resulting from unresolved conflicts)

a mother complex
a hero complex

Word Association Test: method devised by Jung to reveal complexes by asking people to say whatever comes to mind when they hear a word

“mother” : “witch” (suggestive of a mother complex)
“Superman” : “… [can’t think of anything]” (suggestive of a hero complex)

dreams

recall of the dream
amplification
active imagination
Interpreting a dream is slippery, "like catching a fish by the tail…”
"A dream uninterpreted, is like an unopened letter from the unconscious.: --C. G. Jung
We must work with the dream to tap its energy, by such techniques as amplification and active imagination.
Interpreting a dream deciphers its contents.

the symbolic life [illustrated by graphic images provided in lecture]:

Many symbols come from nature.
Culture provides us with some symbols (e.g., Easter eggs as renewal or rebirth).
But we often are less in awe of these symbols, than were our ancestors.
Water is a common symbol of the unconscious.
Dreams of fish may hint at the qualities of the unconscious that are making themselves known.
Instincts are often represented by animals.
Transportation symbols can be interpreted as showing how our “psychic journey” is shaping up.
Some forms of transportation are individual.
Other forms of transportation are collective.
As the unchanging route of a railway symbolizes, collective paths don’t allow for individuality.
Individual journeys often take along our personal baggage, and significant people (projections) in our lives.
Flying as a symbol indicates our increased perspective and overcoming of mundane limitations.

Individuation is a goal of development and therapy, in contrast to the lack of individuality in these clones [image in lecture].

The goal is to develop and integrate the various parts (the "opposites") of personality into a unified whole.

Synchronicity

synchronicity: the acausal principle, in which events are determined by transpersonal forces

a coincidence in which the phone rings just as you are thinking of the person who calls
bookcase cracking when Jung and Freud met

NONDETERMINISTIC ASSUMPTIONS

synchronicity
I Ching
philosophy of science
science as a sensation-thinking enterprise
According to Jung, there is autonomous energy in the archetypes of the collective unconscious. They are causes of events, both mental and physical. (This doesn't fit scientific psychology's assumptions. Even Freud distrusted Jung's mysticism.)

synchronicity: the acausal principle, in which events are determined by transpersonal forces; (“meaningful coincidence”)

beetle at Jung’s window when his patient reports dream of one
furniture sound when Jung and Freud met

Psychological Types

Introversion and Extraversion
The Four Functions
Measurement and Application

PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES

introversion -- extroversion
4 psychological functions
- thinking -- feeling (making judgments)
- sensation -- intuition (getting information)
dominant function & auxiliary function
8 psychetypes

The Four Functions

Thinking and Feeling
- ways of making decisions or judgments
- Thinking: logic, reason, principles
- Feeling: emotions
Sensation and Intuition
- ways of getting information about the world
- Sensation: details
- Intuition: big picture

energy flow direction